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[推荐]古诗格律
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发表于 2007-4-4 00:05:56
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古诗之美,除意境之外,关键是韵律之美.作古诗,须平仄兼顾,意境奇妙,方不失为好诗.本人所作之诗,原以为弃平仄之烦琐而求诗意境之自由,结果发现无平仄之诗形式上不叫古诗,实为劣作.今转载别人文章,以便古诗爱好者参考.
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-4-4 0:11:42编辑过]
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">古代诗歌,其作品蔚为大观,其种类也纷繁芜杂,在这里,我们仅从格律的角度来分析,可以将古代诗歌分为两大类:古体诗和近</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">体诗。近体诗以律诗为代表,有着严格的格律要求;相应地,凡不受近体诗格律束缚的,我们都笼统地将其称为古体诗。另外,从诗句字数上看,诗歌主要有五言诗</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和七言诗两种形式。因此,本文就将古诗格律的讨论,限定在(五言或七言)律诗上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律诗每首八句,分别组成四联。依次称为首联、颔联、颈联和尾联。在讲律诗的格律时,我们主要了解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">押韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平仄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对仗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">押韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 韵是诗歌格律的基本要素之一。诗人在诗歌中用韵,叫做押韵。诗歌(包括古体诗歌、民歌等)没有不押韵的。所谓押韵,就是把同韵的两个或更多的字放在同一</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位置(一般是句尾)上。古诗创作中讲究的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不完全等同于现代汉语拼音中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以,所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我们可以近似地理解为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相同或相近韵</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 例(一):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 书湖阴先生壁(宋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王安石)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 茅檐常扫净无苔,花木成蹊手自栽。一水护田将绿绕,两山排闼送青来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 这里的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">苔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">栽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的韵母都是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“ ai”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,自然属于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以,它们是押韵的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 例(二):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 四时田园杂兴(宋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">范成大)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 昼出耕耘夜织麻,村庄儿女各当家。童孙未解供耕织,也傍桑阴学种瓜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 这首诗中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瓜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的韵母分别是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“a”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“ia”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“ua”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但其主要韵母都是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“a”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在古韵中属于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字,所以,它们也是押韵的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 例(三):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 山行(唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜牧)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 远上寒山石径斜,白云深处有人家。停车坐爱枫林晚,霜叶红于二月花。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 比较</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">花</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三个字的读音可以发现,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“xie”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“jia”“hua”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不应是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字。但是,唐代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">斜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字读作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“sia”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> xia</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),因此在当时,它们也是押韵的。所以,在判断古诗押韵问题时,还应考虑到字音的演变因素,不能完全按照现代汉语的字音去衡量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 古人写律诗,是严格按照官方颁布的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵书</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">来押韵的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律诗中,一般是在二、四、六、八等偶数句,也就是每联的对句的句尾押韵,三、五、七句也就是每联的出句不押韵,(全诗的)首句可入韵也可不入韵(五律首句多数不入韵,七律首句多般入韵);并且,韵脚(押韵的字)一般为平声字(即阴平、阳平调的字)。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(一)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">送魏大将军(唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陈子昂)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">匈奴犹未灭,魏将复从戎。怅别三河道,言追六郡雄。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雁山横代北,狐塞接云中。勿使燕然上,惟留汉将功。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(二)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">咏煤炭(明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">于谦)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">凿开混沌得乌金,藏蓄阳和意最深。爝火燃回春浩浩,洪炉照破夜沉沉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鼎彝元赖生成力,铁石犹存死后心。但愿苍生俱饱暖,不辞辛苦出山林。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (一)诗中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">功</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵且均为平声字,全诗偶数句入韵。(二)诗中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">深</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵且均为平声字,全诗偶数句押韵,且首句即入韵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平仄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平仄是律诗中又一个重要因素,我们讲诗歌的格律,主要就是讲平仄。平仄是诗歌格律的一个术语:诗人们把汉语四声分为两类,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是平声(包括阴平、阳</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就包括上、去、入三声。如果平仄两声在诗歌中交错出现,就能使声调多样化,达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谐和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的音韵效果。这种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交错</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包括:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、平仄在本句中交替</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出现,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、平仄在对句中对立存在。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金沙水拍云崖暖,大渡桥横铁索寒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这两句诗句的平仄是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。就本句来说,每两</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个字一个节奏。平起句平平后面跟着的是仄仄,仄仄后面跟着的是平平,最后一个又是仄。仄起句仄仄后面跟着的是平平,平平后面跟着的是仄仄,最后一个又是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平。这就是交替。就对句来说,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金沙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大渡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是平平对仄仄,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水拍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">桥横</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是仄仄对平平,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">云崖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铁索</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是平平对仄仄,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">暖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> “</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是仄对平。这就是对立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 根据平仄的要求,律诗在这一方面的形式就只有固定的两种基本格式。它们是:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (一)五律:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、仄起式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、平起式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (二)七律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、仄起式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 仄仄平平仄仄平,平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 仄仄平平平仄仄,平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、平起式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平平仄仄仄平平,仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄,平平仄仄仄平平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄,平平仄仄仄平平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 当然,律诗还可以由此而变化出其它诸多格式来,我们就不必要一一了解了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律诗在平仄上也有特别要求,主要表现为:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第一,律诗的平仄有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">规则。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是对立,上文已经提及,这里不再重复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是平粘平,仄粘仄;后联出句的第二字的平仄要与前联对句的第二</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字相一致。具体说来,要使第三句跟第二句相粘,第五句踉第四句相粘,第七句跟第六句相粘。上文所述的五律平仄格式和七律平仄格式,都是合乎这个规则的。试</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看毛主席的《长征》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">红军不怕远征难,万水千山只等闲。五岭逶迤滕细浪,乌蒙磅礴走泥丸。金沙水拍云崖暖,大渡桥横铁索寒。更喜岷山千里雪,三军过后尽</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开颜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。第二句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字仄声,第三句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">岭</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字跟着也是仄声;第四句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字平声,第五句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字跟着也是平声;第六句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">渡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字厌声,第七句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">喜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字跟着也</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是仄声。可见</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的规则是很严格的。粘对的作用,是使声调多样化。如果不</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,上下两句的平仄就雷同;如果不</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,前后两联的平仄又雷同了。明白了</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘对的道理,可以帮助我们背诵平仄的歌诀(即格式)。只要知道了第一句的平仄,全篇的平仄都能背诵出来了。明白了粘对的道理,又可以帮助我们了解长律的平</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄。不管长律有多长,也不过是依照粘对的规则来安排平仄的。违反了粘的规则,叫做失粘;违反了对的规则,叫做失对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第二,律诗格律中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">禁忌。孤平是律诗格律的大忌,所以诗人们在写律诗的时候,都注意避免孤平。在五言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平平仄仄平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个句型中,第一字必须用平声;如果用了仄声字,就是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">犯了孤平。因为除了韵脚之外,只剩一个平声字了。七言是五言的扩展,所以在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄仄平平仄仄平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个句型中,第三字如果用了仄声,也叫犯孤平。如果五言第一</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字、七言第三字必须用仄声,那就必须采取补救(见下文)的办法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第三,律诗格律中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拗救</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。凡平仄不依常格的句子,叫做拗句。前面一字用拗,后面就必须用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">救</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。所谓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">救</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是补偿。一般说来,前面该用平声的地方用了仄声,后面必须(或经常)在适当的位置上补偿一个平声。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拗救</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的具体方式是极其复杂的,我们无须一一了解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第四,关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一三五不论,二四六分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的说法。关于律诗的平仄,相传有这样一个口诀:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一三五不论,二四六分明。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这是指七律(包括七绝)来说的。意思</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是说,第一、三、五字的平仄可以不拘,第二、四、六字的平仄必须分明。至于第七字呢,自然也是要求分明的。如果就五言律诗来说,那就应该是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一三不论,二</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。这个口诀对于初学律诗的人是有用的,因为它是简单明了的。但是,它分析问题是不全面的,所以容易引起误解。先说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一三五不论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这句话是不全面</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。在五言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平平仄仄平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个格式中,第一字不能不论,在七言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄仄平平仄仄平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个格式中,第三字不能不论,否则就要犯孤平的禁忌。至于五言第三字,七</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言第五字,在一般情况下,更是以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为原则了。总之,七言仄脚的句子可以有三个字不论,平脚的句子只能有两个字不论。五言仄脚的句子可以有两个字不论,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平脚的句子只能有一个字不论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一三五不论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的话是不对的。再说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二四六分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这句话也是不全面的。五言第二字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是对的,七言第二四两字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对的,至于五言第四字、七言第六字,就不一定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄仄平平仄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这个格式也可以换成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仄仄平仄仄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,只须在对句第三字补偿一个平声就是了。七言由</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此类推。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二四六分明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的话也不是完全正确的。(待续)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对仗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 诗歌中的对偶,叫做对仗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 对偶就是将同类概念或对立概念并列起来,例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美援朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> “</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">援朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">形成对偶。对偶可以句中自对,又可以两句相对。例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美援朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是句中自对,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美援朝,保家卫国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是两句相对。一般讲对偶,指的是两</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">句相对。上句叫出句,下句叫对句。对偶的一般规则,是名词对名词,动词对动词,形容词对形容词,副词对副词。仍以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美援朝,保家卫国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> “</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">援</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是动词相对,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是名词相对。实际上,名词还可以细分为若干类,同类名词相对被认为是工整的对偶,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">简称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。这里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是地名,而且都是简称,所以是工对;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是人的集体,所以也是工对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保家卫国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">抗美援朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也算工</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对,因为句中自对工整了,两句相对就不要求同样工整了。对偶是一种修辞手段,它的作用是形成整齐的美。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律诗的对仗,有许多讲究,主要有:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、工对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 凡同类的词相对,叫做工对。名词既然分为若干小类,同一小类的词相对,就更工整了。有些名词虽不同小类,但是在语言中经常平列,如天地、诗酒、花鸟等,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也算工对。反义词也算工对。例如李白《塞下曲》的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">晓战随金鼓,宵眠抱玉鞍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是工对。句中自对而又两句相对,算是工对。像杜甫诗中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">国破山河在,城</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">春草木深</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,山与河是地理,草与木是植物,对得已经工整了,于是地理对植物也算工整了。在一个对联中,只要多数字对得工整,就是工对。例如毛主席《送瘟</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">神》(其二):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">红雨随心翻作浪,青山着意化为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">桥。天连五岭银锄落,地动三河铁臂摇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">红</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">着意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">随心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翻作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">化为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天连</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五岭</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三河</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">银</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">落</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">摇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,都非常工整;而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">山</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> “</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">桥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">锄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,名词对名词,也还是工整的。超过了这个限度,那不是工整,而是纤巧。一般地说,宋诗的对仗比唐诗纤巧;但是,宋诗的艺术</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水平反而比较低。同义词相对,似工而实拙。《文心雕龙》说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反对为优,正对为劣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同义词比一般正对自然更</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">劣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。像杜甫《客至》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">花径不曾缘客扫,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蓬门今始为君开</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">缘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是同义词。因为它们是虚词(介词),不是实词,所以不算缺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">点。再说,在一首诗中,偶然用一对同义词也不要紧,多用就不妥当了。出句与对句完全同义(或基本上同义),叫做</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">合掌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,更是诗家的大忌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、宽对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 形式服从于内容,诗人不应该为了追求工对而损害了思想内容。同一诗人,在这一首诗中用工对,在另</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首诗用宽对,那完全是看具体情况来决定的。宽对和工对之间有邻对,即邻近的事类相对。例如天文对时令,地理对宫室,颜色对方位,同义词对连绵字,等等。王</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">维《使至塞上》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">征蓬出汉塞,归雁入胡天</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是天文对地理;陈子昂《春夜别友人》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">离堂思琴瑟,别路绕山川</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">堂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是地</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">理对宫室。这类情况是很多的。稍为更宽一点,就是名词对名词,动词对动词,形容词对形容词等,这是最普通的情况。又更宽一点,那就是半对半不对了。首联的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对仗本来可用可不用,所以首联半对半不对自然是可以的。陈子昂的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">匈奴犹未灭,魏绛复从戎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,李白的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">渡远荆门外,来从楚国游</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是这种情况。如果首句入</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵,半对半不对的情况就更多一些。颔联的对仗本来就不像颈联那样严格,所以半对半不对也是比较常见的。杜甫的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遥怜小儿女,未解忆长安</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是这种情况。现</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在再举毛主席的诗为证:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">赠<personname wst="on" productid="柳亚子">柳亚子</personname>先生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">毛泽东</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 饮茶粤海未能忘,索句渝州叶正黄。三十一年还旧国,落花时节读华章。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 牢骚太盛防肠断,风物长宜放眼量。莫道昆明池水浅,观鱼胜过富春江。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、借对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一个词有两个意义,诗人在诗中用的是甲义,但是同时借用它的乙义来与另一词相为对仗,这叫借对。例如杜甫《巫峡敝庐奉赠侍御四舅》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行李淹吾舅,诛茅问</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老翁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行李</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">并不是桃李的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但是诗人借用桃李的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意义来与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">茅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">字作对仗。又如杜甫《曲江》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">酒债寻常行处有,人生七十古来</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">稀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,古代八尺为寻,两寻为常,所以借来对数目字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">七十</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。有时候,不是借意义,而是借声音。借音多见于颜色对,如借</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">篮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蓝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,借</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">皇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">借</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">苍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,借</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">珠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,借</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">青</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等。杜甫《恨别》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">思家步月清宵立,忆弟看云白日眠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,又《赴青城县出成都寄</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陶王二少尹》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">东郭沧江合,西山白雪高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是这种情况。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、流水对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 对仗,一般是平行的两句话,它们各有独立性。但是,也有一种对仗是一句话分成两句说,其实十个字或十四个字只是一个整体,出句独立起来没有意义,至少是意义不全,这叫流水对。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 即从巴峡穿巫峡,使下襄阳向洛阳。(杜甫)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 人怜巧语情虽重,鸟忆高飞意不同。(白居易)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 塞上长城空自许,镜中衰鬓已先斑。(陆游)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 总之,律诗的对仗不像平仄那样严格,诗人在运用对仗时有更大的自由。艺术修养高的诗人常常能够成功地运用工整的对仗,来做到更好地表现思想内容,而不是损害思想内容。遇必要时,也能够摆脱对仗的束缚来充分表现自己的意境。无原则地追求对仗的纤巧,那就是庸俗的作风了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 律诗中的对仗还有它独自的规则,即:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、出句和对句的平仄是相对立的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、出句的字和对句的字不能重复。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白日依山尽,黄河入海流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">” </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">律诗中的颔联和颈联是要求对仗的,而首联的对仗可用可不用(五律首联对仗的较多,七律也有但较少),尾联一般不用对仗(但也有例外,那一般是流水对)。例</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (一)恨别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜甫)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 洛城一别四千里,胡骑长驱五六年。草木变衰行剑外,兵戈阻绝老江边。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 思家步月清宵立,忆弟看云白日眠。闻道河阳近乘胜,司徒急为破幽燕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (二)闻官军收河南河北</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">杜甫)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 剑外忽传收蓟北,初闻涕泪满衣裳。却看妻子愁何在?漫卷诗书喜欲狂!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 白日放歌须纵酒,青春作伴好还乡。即从巴峡穿巫峡,便下襄阳向洛阳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (一)诗首联对仗,(二)诗尾联对仗,但这两句是一气呵成的,是一种流水对,还是和一般对仗不大相同的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 了解了律诗的常规格律要求之后,我们可以借此顺利地进行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">诗歌排序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">练习。一般说来,在进行这类工作的时候,我们有以下一些规律可以遵循:(为了方便讲解,我们以《钱塘湖春行》一诗为例)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 钱塘湖春行(诗句已打乱)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白居易)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤山寺北古亭西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水面初平云脚低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">绿杨阴里白沙堤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最爱湖东行不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第一步,找出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵脚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同韵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的平声字)。本诗中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵脚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有:泥、西、低、堤、蹄。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第二步,将八句诗组成四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。本诗的四联为:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤山寺北古亭西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水面初平云脚低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">绿杨阴里白沙堤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最爱湖东行不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第三步,依据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的平仄规则(对句句尾字为平声字),确定出句和对句的顺序。因而将上边四联调整为:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤山寺北古亭西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水面初平云脚低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最爱湖东行不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">绿杨阴里白沙堤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第四步,本诗只有两联对仗,因此,对仗的两联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">颔联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">颈联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第五步,本诗有五个韵脚,也就意味着全诗首句即入韵,所以,带有两个韵脚的联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孤山寺北古亭西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水面初平云脚低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">应为首联。剩下的一联自然就是尾联了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第六步,依据诗歌内容,诗人由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水面初平云脚低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开篇,先写</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高、远</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之景</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,再写眼下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">低、近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之景</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,最后与尾联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最爱湖东行不足</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">绿杨阴里白沙堤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相合。因此,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">几处早莺争暖树</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谁家新燕啄春泥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为全诗颔联,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乱花渐欲迷人眼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> / </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浅草才能没马蹄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">则为全诗颈联。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第七步,排出顺序,并检验格律。本诗押</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“i”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵,首句入韵,中两联对仗。诗句在平仄上符合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">规则。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 原诗顺序应为:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 钱塘湖春行(原诗)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白居易)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 孤山寺北古亭西,水面初平云脚低。几处早莺争暖树?谁家新燕啄春泥?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 乱花渐欲迷人眼,浅草才能没马蹄。最爱湖东行不足,绿杨阴里白沙堤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 此外,了解了律诗的常规格律要求之后,我们还可以借此顺利地进行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">诗歌补白</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">练习。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 请选出填入下边诗歌中空白处最恰当的一组词:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 登庐山</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (毛泽东)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一山飞峙大江边,跃上葱笼四百旋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 冷眼向洋看世界,热风吹雨洒江天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 云横九派浮黄鹤,浪下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吴起白烟。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 陶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不知何处去,桃花源里可耕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 选项:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">A </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">东</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">田</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> B </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">东</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">耘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">C </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">令</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">田</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> D </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">令</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">耘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解答:平常说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">东吴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">较多,但依据对仗原则,应选</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与前句的数目字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">九</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陶公(尊称)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陶令(县令)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都无大碍,但是依据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粘对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">规则,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">应选</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">令</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与前句的仄声字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相粘。最后,再依据押韵原则,应选</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">田</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">与全诗的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵脚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“an”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)同韵。故答案为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><br/><font face="Times New Roman"> <br/> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">古诗格律相当复杂,单就</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">律诗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而言,也不是可以仅借数言可蔽之的。我们应该在有了初步了解的基础上,多多诵读古诗,培养古诗语感,以便更好地加以掌握,从而有利于对古诗进行更深层次的理解和鉴赏。(完)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p align="center" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;"><font size="2">作者:白河子</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;"><br/></span><font size="2"><span style="COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">发表时间:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana;">2006-6-21 9:17:07<p></p></span></font></p>
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发表于 2007-4-4 00:11:09
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<p align="center" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【近体、古体】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">格律诗,包括律诗和绝句,被称为近体诗或今体诗,古人这么叫,我们现在也跟着这么叫,虽然它其实是很古的,在南北朝的齐梁时期就已发端,到唐初成熟。唐以前的诗,除了所谓<span lang="EN-US">“</span>齐梁体<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就被称为古体。唐以后不合近体的诗,也称为古体。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古体和近体在句法、用韵、平仄上都有区别:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">句法:古体每句字数不定,四言、五言、六言、七言乃至杂言(句子参差不齐)都有,每首的句数也不定,少则两句,多则几十、几百句。近体只有五言、七言两种,律诗规定为八句,绝句规定为四句,多于八句的为排律,也叫长律。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">用韵:古体每首可用一个韵,也可以用两个或两个以上的韵,允许换韵;近体每首只能用一个韵,即使是长达数十句的排律也不能换韵。古体可以在偶数句押韵,也可以奇数句偶数句都押韵。近体只在偶数句押韵,除了第一句可押可不押(以平声收尾则押韵,以仄声收尾则不押韵。五言多不押,七言多押),其余的奇数句都不能押韵;古体可用平声韵,也可用仄声韵;近体一般只用平声韵。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平仄:古、近体最大的区别,是古体不讲平仄,而近体讲究平仄。唐以后,古体也有讲究平仄,不过未成规律,可以不管。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古体诗基本上无格律,所以以下只讲近体诗。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【用韵】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">唐人所用的韵书为隋陆法言所写的《切韵》,这也是以后一切韵书的鼻祖。宋人增广《切韵》,编成《广韵》,共有二百余韵。实际上唐宋诗人用韵并不完全按这两部韵书,比较能够反映唐宋诗人用韵的是金人王文郁编的《平水韵》,以后的诗人用韵也大抵根据《平水韵》。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">《平水韵》共有一百零六韵,其中平声有三十韵,编为上、下两半,称为上平声和下平声,这只是编排上的方便,二者并不存在声调上的差别。近体诗只押平声韵,我们就只来看看这些平声韵各部的韵目(每韵的第一个字):</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></b></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">上平声:一东、二冬、三江、四支、五微、六鱼、七虞、八齐、九佳、十灰、十一真、十二文、十三元、十四寒、十五删</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">下平声:一先、二萧、三肴、四豪、五歌、六麻、七阳、八庚、九青、十蒸、十一尤、十二侵、十三覃、十四盐、十五咸</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">光是从这些韵目就可以看出古音和今音已大不相同。有一些在古代属于不同韵的,在现在已看不出差别,比如东和冬,江和阳,鱼和虞,真和文,萧、肴和豪,先、盐和咸,庚和青,寒和删,等等。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">如果我们具体看一看各个韵部里面的字,又会发现一个相反的情况:古人认为属于同一韵的,在今天读来完全不押韵。比如杜甫《三绝句》第一首(以下引诗均以杜诗为例,不再注明):</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">楸树馨香倚钓矶,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">斩新花蕊未应飞。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">不如醉里风吹尽,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">可忍醒时雨打稀。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">飞<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>稀<span lang="EN-US">”</span>在平水韵中同属五微,但在普通话读来并不押韵。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">又如第二首:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">门外鸬鹚去不来,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">沙头忽见眼相猜。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">自今以后知人意,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一日须来一百回。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">“</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">猜<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>回<span lang="EN-US">”</span>在《平水韵》中同属十灰,但在现在普通话中也不押韵。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古体诗的押韵,可以把邻近韵部的韵,比如一东和二冬、四支和五微,混在一起通用,称为通韵。但是近体诗的押韵,必须严格地只用同一韵部的字,即使这个韵部的字数很少(称为窄韵),也不能参杂了其他韵部的字,否则叫做出韵,是近体诗的大忌。但是如果是首句押韵,可以借用邻韵。因为首句本来可押可不押,所以可以通融一下。比如《军中醉饮寄沈八刘叟》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">酒渴爱江清,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">余甘漱晚汀。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">软沙倚坐稳,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></b></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">冷石醉眠醒。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">野膳随行帐,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">华音发从伶。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">数杯君不见,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">都已遣沈冥。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></b></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这一首押的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>汀、醒、伶、冥<span lang="EN-US">”</span>属下平声九青,但首句借用了八庚的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>清<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这叫做借邻韵发端,在晚唐开始流行,到了宋代,甚至形成了一种风气。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">现代人写近体诗,当然完全可以用今韵。如果要按传统用《平水韵》,则不能不注意古、今音的不同,读古诗更是如此。这些不同,有时可以借助方言加以区分,但不一定可靠,只有多读多背了。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【四声】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">汉语声调有四声,是齐、梁时期文人的发现。梁武帝曾经问朱异:<span lang="EN-US">“</span>你们这帮文人整天在谈四声,那是什么意思?<span lang="EN-US">”</span>朱乘机拍了一下马屁:<span lang="EN-US">“</span>就是<span lang="EN-US">‘</span>天子万福<span lang="EN-US">’</span>的意思。<span lang="EN-US">”</span>天是平声,子是上声,万是去声,福是入声,平上去入就构成中古汉语的四声,上去入又合起来叫仄声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这四声中,最成问题的是入声。梁武帝接着又问:<span lang="EN-US">“</span>为什么<span lang="EN-US">‘</span>天子寿考<span lang="EN-US">’</span>不是四声?<span lang="EN-US">”</span>天、子、寿是平、上、去,考却不是入声,可见当时一般的人也搞不清楚什么是入声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">那么什么是入声呢?就是发音短促,喉咙给阻塞了一下。一类是以塞音t,p,k收尾,另一类是以喉塞音?收尾。在闽南语和粤语中,还完整地保留着这四种入声,在吴语中则都退化成了较不明显的?收尾了。以t,p,k收尾的入声,并不真地发出t,p,k音。塞音在发音时要先把喉咙阻塞一下,然后再送气爆破出声。在入声中,只有阻塞,没有送气爆破,叫做不完全爆破。比如英文的stop,美式英语在发这个词时,并不真地发出p音,而只是合一下嘴就完</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">了,这就是不完全爆破,也可说是一种入声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">在普通话中,入声已经消失了。原来发音不同、分属不同韵部的入声字,有的在今天读起来就完全一样。比如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>乙、亿、邑<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,在平水韵中分属入声四质、十三职、十四缉不同韵,在普通话读来毫无差别(用闽南语来读,则分得清清楚楚,分别读做ik,it,ip)。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">入声的消失也导致了古、今音声调的不同。一部分古入声字变成了现在的上、去声字,还属于仄声,我们可以不管;但是另有一部分入声字在普通话中却变成了平声字(阴平或阳平),这就值得我们注意了。前面<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天子万福<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>福<span lang="EN-US">”</span>字就是这种情况。常见的入声变平声字有:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一画:一</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">二画:七八十</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三画:兀孑勺习夕</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四画:仆曰什及</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">五画:扑出发札失石节白汁匝</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">六画:竹伏戍伐达杂夹杀夺舌诀决约芍则合宅执吃汐</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">七画:秃足卒局角驳别折灼伯狄即吸劫匣</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">八画:叔竺卓帛国学实直责诘佛屈拔刮拉侠狎押胁杰迭择拍迪析极刷</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">九画:觉(觉悟)急罚</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十画:逐读哭烛席敌疾积脊捉剥哲捏酌格核贼鸭</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十一画:族渎孰斛淑啄脱掇郭鸽舶职笛袭悉接谍捷辄掐掘</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十二画:菊犊赎幅粥琢厥揭渤割葛筏跋滑猾跌凿博晰棘植殖集逼湿黑答插颊</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十三画:福牍辐督雹厥歇搏窟锡颐楫睫隔谪叠塌</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十四画:漆竭截牒碣摘察辖嫡蜥</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十五画:熟蝠膝瘠骼德蝶瞎额</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十六画:橘辙薛薄缴激</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十七画:擢蟋檄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">十九画:蹶</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">二十画:籍黩嚼</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">讲保留有入声的方言的人,要识别这些入声字自然毫无困难,只要用方言来念就行。对讲北方方言的人,可以根据声旁进行归纳帮助识别,比如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>福幅辐蝠<span lang="EN-US">”“</span>缴激檄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,但大多数还是只能死记硬背。现代人写旧体诗,完全可以根据现代四声来写。但写旧体诗本来就是因为好古,有人愿根据古代四声来写,也无可厚非,那就要特别注意这种入声变平声的字了。用普通话读古诗,碰到这种字怎么办呢?我以为,为了保持声调的和谐,不妨读成去声。去声较低沉,再读得短促一些,听上去就有点象入声了。实际上,这类入声字,有的人就习惯读成去声,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一、幅、辐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,很多人都读成去声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古代很大一部分上声字,在普通话中都读成了去声。上声和去声都属仄声,我们可以不管这一类字。但是还有一种声调变化必须注意一下:某些古代的平声字,现在读成了仄声字。如《宿府》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 27.1pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-left: 2.58gd;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">清秋幕府井梧寒,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">独宿江城腊炬残。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">永夜角声悲自语,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">中天月色好谁看。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风尘荏苒音书绝,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">关塞萧条行路难。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">已忍伶俜十年事,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">强移栖息一枝安。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第四句的韵脚<span lang="EN-US">“</span>看<span lang="EN-US">”</span>就是平声字,我们读时最好也读成阴平才顺口(现代<span lang="EN-US">“</span>看守<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>看<span lang="EN-US">”</span>仍读阴平)。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">又如《夜宴左氏庄》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风林纤月落,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">衣露净琴张。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">暗水流花径,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">春星带草堂。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">检书烧烛短,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">看剑引杯长。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">诗罢闻吴咏,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">扁舟意不忘。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">最后一句的韵脚<span lang="EN-US">“</span>忘<span lang="EN-US">”</span>也是平声,我们读时也应该读成平声才不感到别扭。至于第六句开头的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>看<span lang="EN-US">”</span>虽也是平声,按今音读成去声也无所谓。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">除了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>看、忘<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,类似这种在现在一般读仄声,而在古代读成平声(或平、仄两读)的还有:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">筒纵撞治(动词)誉(动词)竣闽纫奔蕴漫翰叹患跳泡教(使)望醒胜(承受)售叟任(承担)妊</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这些字,如果是在韵脚或是句中平仄关键处,都应该读成平声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">还有极少数字,在现在是平声,在古代反而是仄声,如<span lang="EN-US">“</span>思<span lang="EN-US">”“</span>骑<span lang="EN-US">”</span>当名词时都读成去声。象《一百五日夜对月》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 13.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.32; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">无家对寒食,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">有泪如金波。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">斫却月中桂,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">清光应更多。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仳离放红蕊,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">想像颦青蛾。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">牛女漫愁思,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">秋期犹渡河。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第七句的最后一字<span lang="EN-US">“</span>思<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就该读成去声。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【律句】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">汉语虽有四声,但在近体诗中,并不需要象词、曲那样分辨四声,只要粗分成平仄两声即可。要造成声调上的抑扬顿挫,就要交替使用平声和仄声,才不单调。汉语基本上是以两个音节为一个节奏单位的,重音落在后面的音节上。以两个音节为单位让平仄交错,就构成了近体诗的基本句型,称为律句。对于五言来说,它的基本句型是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平或仄仄平平仄</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这两种句型,首尾的平仄相同,即所谓平起平收,仄起仄收。我们若要制造点变化,改成首尾平仄不同,可把最后一字移到前面去,变成了:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">除了后面会讲到的特例,五言近体诗无论怎么变化,都不出这四种基本句型。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">七言诗只是在五言诗的前面再加一个节奏单位,它的基本句型就是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄仄平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">七言近体诗无论怎么变化,也都不出这四种基本句型。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这些句型有一个规律,就是逢双必反:第四字的平仄和第二字相反,第六字又与第四字相反,如此反复就形成了节奏感。但是逢单却可反可不反,这是因为重音落在双数音节上,单数音节就相比而言显得不重要了。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">我们写诗的时候,很难做到每一句都完全符合基本句型,写绝句时也许还办得到,写八句乃至更长的律诗则几乎不可能。如何变通呢?那就要牺牲掉不太重要的单数字,而保住比较重要的双数字和最重要的最后一字。因此就有了这么一句口诀,叫作<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一、三、五不论,二、四、六分明<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,就是说第一、三、五(仅指七言)字的平仄可以灵活处理,而第二、四、六以及最后一字的平仄则必须严格遵守。这个口诀不完全准确,在一些情况下一、三、五必须论,在特定的句型中二、四、六也未必分明,在后面我们会谈到,但接下来我们先来看看如何由这些基本句型构成一首完整的诗。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【粘对】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">我们已经知道了近体诗的基本句型,怎样由这些句子组成一首诗呢?</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">近体诗的句子是以两句为一个单位的,每两句(一和二,三和四,依次类推)称为一联,同一联的上下句称为对句,上联的下句和下联的上句称为邻句。近体诗的构成规则就是:对句相对,邻句相粘。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对句相对,是指一联中的上下两句的平仄刚好相反。如果上句是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">下句就是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">同理,如果上句是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">下句就是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">除了第一联,其它各联的上句不能押韵,必须以仄声收尾,下句一定要押韵,必须以平声收尾,所以五言近体诗的对句除了第一联,只有这两种形式。七言的与此相似。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一联上句如果不押韵,跟其它各联并无差别,如果上、下两句都要押韵,都要以平声收尾,这第一联就没法完全相对,只能做到头对尾不对,其形式也不外两种:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平起:平平仄仄平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄起:仄仄仄平平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">再来看看邻句相粘。相粘的意思本来是相同,但是由于是用以仄声结尾的奇数句来粘以平声结尾的偶数句,就只能做到头粘尾不粘。例如,上一联是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">下一联的上句要跟上一联的下句相粘,也必须以平声开头,但又必须以仄声收尾,就成了:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">为什么邻句必须相粘呢?原因很简单,是为了变化句型,不单调。如果对句相对,邻句也相对,就成了:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一、第二联完全相同。在唐以前的所谓齐梁体律诗,就是只讲相对,不知相粘,从头到尾,就只是两种句型不断地重复。唐以后,既讲对句相对,又讲邻句相粘,在一首绝句里面就不会有重复的句型了。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">根据粘对规则,我们就可以推导出五言绝句的四种格式:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一、仄起首句不押韵:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">二、仄起首句押韵:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三、平起首句不押韵:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">四、平起首句押韵:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">五言律诗跟这相似,只不过根据粘对的原则再加上四句而已。比如仄起首句</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">押韵的五言律诗是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平(韵)</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平平仄仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄仄平平(韵)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">根据粘对规律,还可以十句、十二句<span lang="EN-US">……</span>无限地加上去,而成为排律。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">粘对也具有一定的灵活性,基本上也是遵循“一三五不论,二四六分明”的口诀,也就是说,要检查一首近体诗是否遵循粘对,一般看其偶数字和最后一字即可。如果对句不对,叫失对;如果邻句不粘,叫失粘。失对和失粘都是近体诗的大忌。相比而言,失对要比失粘严重。粘的规则确定得比较晚,在初唐诗人的诗中还经常能够见到失粘的,即使是杜甫的诗,也偶尔有失粘的,比如名诗《咏怀古迹》的第二首:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">摇落深知宋玉悲,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风流儒雅亦吾师。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">怅望千秋一洒泪,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">萧条异代不同时。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江山故宅空文藻,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">云雨荒台岂梦思。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">最是楚宫俱泯灭,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">舟人指点到今疑。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第三句就没能跟第二句相粘。这可能是不知不觉地受到齐梁诗人的影响而一时疏忽。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对的规则在齐梁时就确立了,所以在唐诗中很少见到失对的。现存杜甫近体诗中,只有《寄赠王十将军承俊》一首出现失对:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">将军胆气雄,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">臂悬两角弓。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">缠结青骢马,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">出入锦城中。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">时危未授钺,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">势屈难为功。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">宾客满堂上,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">何人高义同。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一、二句除了第一个字,其它各字的平仄完全相同,是为失对。这可能是赠诗时未来得及仔细加工而一时疏忽。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">还有一种情况,是为了表达的需要而不顾格律。比如杜甫的另一首名诗《白帝》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">白帝城中云出门,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">白帝城下雨翻盆。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">高江急峡雷霆斗,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古木苍藤日月昏。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">戎马不如归马逸,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">千家今有百家存。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">哀哀寡妇诛求尽,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">恸哭秋原何处村?</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第二句的第二字本来应该用平声,现在用了仄声字<span lang="EN-US">“</span>帝<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,既跟第一句失对,又跟第三句失粘。但这是有意要重复使用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>白帝城<span lang="EN-US">”</span>造成排比,所以只好牺牲格律了。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【孤平和三平调】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">前面讲到<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一三五不论<span lang="EN-US">”</span>并不完全正确,在某些情形下一三五必须论。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">比如五言的平起平收句:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这一句的第三个字是可以不论的,用平声也可以。但是第一字如果改用仄声,就成了:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">除了韵脚,整句只有一个平声字,这叫“孤平”,是近体诗的大忌,在唐诗中极少见到。前引杜诗<span lang="EN-US">“</span>臂悬两角弓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>即是犯了孤平,象这样不合律的句子,叫作拗句。老杜有意写过不少拗体近体诗,这种探索另当别论。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">如果第一字非用仄声不可,怎么办呢?可以同时把第三个字改成平声:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄平平仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这样就避免了孤平。这种作法,叫作拗救,意思就是避免了拗句。例如《复愁十二首》其三:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">万国尚戎马,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">故园今若何?</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">昔归相识少,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">早已战场多。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第二句本该是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平仄仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,现第一字用了仄声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>故<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第三字就必须改用平声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>今<span lang="EN-US">”</span>了。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">七言诗与此相似,也即其仄起平收句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的第三字不能改用仄声,如果用了仄声,必须把第五字改成平声,才能避免孤平。例如《绝句漫兴九首》其一:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">眼见客愁愁不醒,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">无赖春色到江亭。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">即遣花开深造次,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">便教莺语太丁宁。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一句本该是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,现在第三字用了仄声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>客<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第五字就改用平声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>愁<span lang="EN-US">”</span>来补救(注意<span lang="EN-US">“</span>醒<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是平声)。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">所谓<span lang="EN-US">“</span>孤平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,是专指平收句(也就是押韵句)而言的,如果是仄收句,即使整句只有一个平声字,也不算犯孤平,至多算是拗句。例如把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>改成<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄仄平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,这不算犯孤平,是可以用的。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">还有一种情况,是五言的仄起平收句:仄仄仄平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">在这种句型中,第一字是可平可仄的,但是第三字不能用平声字,如果用了平声字,成了:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">在句尾连续出现了三个平声,叫做“三平调”,这是古体诗专用的形式,做近体诗时必须尽量避免,而且无法补救。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">同样,七言平起平收句“平平仄仄仄平平”,第一和第三字都可平可仄,但是第五字不能用平声,否则也成了三平调。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">只要能够避免孤平和三平调,“一三五不论”就是完全正确的。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【拗救】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">如果仔细看一下前面所举的近体诗的几种基本格式,会发现一个规律:在一联之中,平声字和仄声字的总数相等。如果我们在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一三五<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这些可灵活处理的地方,该用平声字而用了仄声字(或该用仄声字而用了平声字),那么往往就要在本句或对句适当的地方把仄声字改用平声字(或把平声字改用仄声字),以保持一联之中平、仄数量的平衡。也就是说,先用了拗(不合律),再救一下,合起来就叫拗救。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">前面谈到的对孤平的补救属于在本句自救。还有一种情况,是在对句补救。比如在五言<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这种句型,第三字改用了仄声,往往就在对句的第三字改用平声来补救,也就是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>变成了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄仄平仄,平平平仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。例如《天末怀李白》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">凉风起天末,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">君子意如何。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">鸿雁几时到,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江湖秋水多。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">文章憎命达,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">魑魅喜人过。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">应共冤魂语,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">投诗赠汨罗。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第三句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>鸿雁几时到<span lang="EN-US">”</span>第三字该平而仄,第四句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>江湖秋水多<span lang="EN-US">”</span>就把第三字改成了平声。七言的与此相似,是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平仄仄平平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的第五字用了仄声,就在对句的第五字改用平声来补救,即<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>变成<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平仄仄仄平仄,仄仄平平平仄平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">甚至是第一字,诗人也喜欢救一下。比如《春夜喜雨》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">好雨知时节,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">当春乃发生。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">随风潜入夜,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">润物细无声。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">野径云俱黑,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江船火独明。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">晓看红湿处,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">花重锦官城。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第七句第一字该平而用了仄声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>晓<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第八句的第一字就改用平声<span lang="EN-US">“</span>花<span lang="EN-US">”</span>补救。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">又如《阁夜》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">岁暮阴阳催短景,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">天涯霜雪霁寒宵。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">五更鼓角声悲壮,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三峡星河影动摇。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">野哭几家闻战伐,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">夷歌数处起渔樵。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">卧龙跃马终黄土,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">人事依依漫寂寥。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第三句第一字该平而仄(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>五<span lang="EN-US">”</span>),第四句第一字就改仄为平(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>三<span lang="EN-US">”</span>);第七句第一字该平而仄(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>卧<span lang="EN-US">”</span>),第八句第一字就改用平声(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>人<span lang="EN-US">”</span>)。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">有时候,是本句自救和对句补救混用。比如《解闷十二首》之一:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">草阁柴扉星散居,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">浪翻江黑雨飞初。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">山禽引子哺红果,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">溪女得钱留白鱼。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">严格的格律应该是:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄仄平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄仄平平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄平平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平仄仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">而此诗的平仄为:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄仄平平平仄平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仄平平仄仄平平</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平平仄仄仄平仄</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">平仄仄平平仄平</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这里有本句自救(以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>江<span lang="EN-US">”</span>救<span lang="EN-US">“</span>翻<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>得<span lang="EN-US">”</span>就<span lang="EN-US">“</span>溪<span lang="EN-US">”</span>),也有对句补救</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">(以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>留<span lang="EN-US">”</span>救<span lang="EN-US">“</span>哺<span lang="EN-US">”</span>),但也有拗而未救的(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>星<span lang="EN-US">”</span>)。实际上,在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一三五<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">位置上拗而未救的也是很常见的。象《登高》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风急天高猿啸哀,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">渚清沙白鸟飞回。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">无边落木萧萧下,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">不尽长江滚滚来。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">万里悲秋常作客,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">百年多病独登台。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">潦倒新停浊酒杯。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第二句的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>沙<span lang="EN-US">”</span>救了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>渚<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>渚<span lang="EN-US">”</span>又救了第一句的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>风<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,但是第一句的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>猿<span lang="EN-US">”</span>就未救。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">象这样拗而未救,破坏了一联之中平仄数量的平衡,但是这些都发生在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一三五<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的位置上,只要不出现孤平或三平调,就是可以容忍的,确切地说不能算拗。另外还有一种拗,出现在<span lang="EN-US">“</span>二四六<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的位置上,那才是真正的拗,在这里不讨论。但是有一种拗句,在唐诗中用得相当多,不能不提一下。请看《天末怀李白》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">凉风起天末,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">君子意如何。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">鸿雁几时到,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江湖秋水多。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">文章憎命达,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">魑魅喜人过。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">应共冤魂语,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">投诗赠汨罗。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一句本该是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平平仄仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,却写成了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平仄平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第二、四字都用平声,违反了我们一开始就提到的逢双必反的规律。在七言中,就是把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平平仄仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>写成<span lang="EN-US">“</span>仄仄平平仄平仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,比如《咏怀古迹五首》,几乎每一首都用到这种特殊句型。其一:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">支离东北风尘际,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">漂泊西南天地间。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三峡楼台淹日月,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">五溪衣服共云山。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">羯胡事主终无赖,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">词客衰时且未还。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">庾信平生最萧瑟,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">暮年诗赋动江关。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第七句是这种句型。其二:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">摇落深知宋玉悲,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风流儒雅亦吾师。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">怅望千秋一洒泪,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">萧条异代不同时。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江山故宅空文藻,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">云雨荒台岂梦思。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">最是楚宫俱泯灭,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">舟人指点到今疑。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第七句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>泯<span lang="EN-US">”</span>可平可仄,如果读为平,就成了这种句型。其三:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">群山万壑赴荆门,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">生长明妃尚有村。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一去紫台连朔漠,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">独留青冢向黄昏。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">画图省识春风面,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">环佩空归月夜魂。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">千载琵琶作胡语,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">分明怨恨曲中论。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第七句还是这种句型。其四:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">蜀主窥吴幸三峡,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">崩年亦在永安宫。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">翠华想像空山里,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">玉殿虚无野寺中。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">古庙杉松巢水鹤,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">岁时伏腊走村翁。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">武侯祠屋常邻近,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一体君臣祭祀同。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第一句是这种句型。其五:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">诸葛大名垂宇宙,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">宗臣遗像肃清高。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三分割据纡筹策,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">万古云霄一羽毛。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">伯仲之间见伊吕,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">指挥若定失萧曹。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">福移汉祚终难复,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">志决身歼军务劳。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">第五句又是这种句型。由于这种句型用得实在太多(经常用在第七句),几乎和常规句型一样常见,我们只好不把它算成拗句,而当成一种特殊的律句。诗人们之所以喜欢用这种特殊句型,可能是因为常规句型<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平平平仄仄<span lang="EN-US">”“</span>仄仄平平平仄仄<span lang="EN-US">”</span>中有三个平声,虽然不在句尾不算三平调,读起来还是有点别扭,所以干脆变一变。值得注意的是,在用这种句型时,五言第一字、七言第三字必须是平声,不能不论。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">【对仗】</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">律诗的四联,各有一个特定的名称,第一联叫首联,第二联叫颔联,第三联叫颈联,第四联叫尾联。按照规定,颔联和颈联必须对仗,首联和尾联可对可不对。绝句的两联也是可对可不对。排律的首联可对可不对,中间各联都必须对仗,最后一联不对,以便结束。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对仗的第一个特点,是句法要相同。如《旅夜书怀》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">细草微风岸,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">危樯独夜舟。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">星垂平野阔,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">月涌大江流。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">名岂文章著,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">官应老病休。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">飘飘何所似?</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">天地一沙鸥。 </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这是首、颔、颈都对仗。首联第一句没有谓语,第二句也用无谓语句式相对。颔联上句的句式是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>主谓定宾状<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,下句也用相同的句式相对。颈联用的也是相同的句式。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">又如《月夜忆舍弟》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">戍鼓断人行,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">秋边一雁声。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">露从今夜白,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">月是故乡明。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">有弟皆分散,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">无家问死生。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">寄书长不避,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">况乃未休兵。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颔联上句的写法是把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>白露<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词拆散,下句的写法也相同,是把<span lang="EN-US">“</span>明月<span lang="EN-US">”</span>一词拆散。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对仗的第二个特点,是不能用相同的字相对。象<span lang="EN-US">“</span>人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺<span lang="EN-US">”</span>这种对仗,在词、曲中是允许的,在近体诗中则绝不允许。实际上,除非是修辞的需要,在近体诗中必须避免出现相同的字。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对仗的第三个特点,是词性要相对,也就是名词对名词,动词对动词,形容词对形容词,副词对副词,代词对代词,虚词对虚词。如果要对得工整,还必须用词义上属于同一类型的词(主要是名词)来相对,比如天文对天文,地理对地理,数目对数目,方位对方位,颜色对颜色,时令对时令,器物对器物,人事对人事,生物对生物,等等,但不能是同义词。前面所举的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>星垂平野阔,月涌大江流<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>星<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>月<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是天文对,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>野<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>江<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是地理对,而<span lang="EN-US">“</span>垂<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>涌<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>大<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>阔<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>流<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,也都是在词义上属于相同类型的动词、形容词的相对。象这样的对仗,叫做工对。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">有一些对仗,是借用了同音字形成工对,叫做借对。象《野望》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">西山白雪三城戍,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">南浦清江万里桥。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">海内风尘诸弟隔,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">天涯涕泪一身遥。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">唯将迟暮供多病,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">未有涓埃答圣朝。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">跨马出郊时极目,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">不堪人事日萧条。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">首联<span lang="EN-US">“</span>西<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>南<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是方位对,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>山<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>浦<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是地理对,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>三<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>万<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">是数目对,而<span lang="EN-US">“</span>白<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>清<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,则是借用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>清<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的同音字<span lang="EN-US">“</span>青<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,而构成了颜色对。这样的借对,也属工对。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这种谐音的借对,多见于颜色对。比如《秦州杂诗》其三:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">州图领同谷,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">驿道出流沙。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">降虏兼千帐,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">居人有万家。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">马骄珠汗落,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">胡舞白蹄斜。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">年少临洮子,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">西来亦自夸。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颈联以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>珠<span lang="EN-US">”</span>谐音<span lang="EN-US">“</span>朱<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,与<span lang="EN-US">“</span>白<span lang="EN-US">”</span>相对。又如《独坐》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">悲愁回白首,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">倚杖背孤城。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">江敛洲渚出,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">天虚风物清。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">沧溟恨衰谢,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">朱绂负平生。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">仰羡黄昏鸟,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">投林羽翮轻。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颈联以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>沧<span lang="EN-US">”</span>谐音<span lang="EN-US">“</span>苍<span lang="EN-US">”</span>而与<span lang="EN-US">“</span>朱<span lang="EN-US">”</span>相对。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一联之中,如果大部分字都对得很工整,其它字就可以对得马虎一点。比如《春望》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">国破山河在,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">城春草木深。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">感时花溅泪,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">恨别鸟惊心。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">烽火连三月,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">家书抵万金。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">白头搔更短,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">浑玉不胜簪。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颔联<span lang="EN-US">“</span>感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>时<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>别<span lang="EN-US">”</span>算不上是相对,但其它各字都对得非常工整,合起来也还算是工对。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">对于七言来说,第五字可以不拘。比如杜诗《蜀相》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">丞相祠堂何处寻?</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">锦官城外柏森森。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">映阶碧草自春色,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">隔叶黄鹂空好音。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">三顾频繁天下计,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">两朝开济老臣心。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">出师未捷身先死,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">长使英雄泪满襟。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颈联<span lang="EN-US">“</span>三顾频繁天下计,两朝开济老臣心<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第五字<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天<span lang="EN-US">”</span>和<span lang="EN-US">“</span>老<span lang="EN-US">”</span>未对。有一些对仗,表面上看起来不对,实际上是用了别义相对,象这一联,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>朝<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>顾<span lang="EN-US">”</span>用的是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>朝<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的别义来相对,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>下<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>臣<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,用的是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>下<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的别义来相对,而不是用它们在句中的意思。另外有一些对仗,要明白其出处才知道是相对。比如《曲江二首》之二:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">朝回日日典春衣,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">每日江头尽醉归。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">酒债寻常行处有,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">人生七十古来稀。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">穿花蛱蝶深深见,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">点水蜻蜓款款飞。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">传语风光共流转,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">暂时相赏莫相违。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">颔联以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>寻常<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>七<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="”" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1">十<span lang="EN-US">”</span></chmetcnv>似乎不对,其实<span lang="EN-US">“</span>八尺曰寻,倍寻曰常<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>寻常<span lang="EN-US">”</span>两字也可当成数目字,与<span lang="EN-US">“</span>七<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="”" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1">十<span lang="EN-US">”</span></chmetcnv>对得相当工整。象这样用了别义、典故,要拐一下弯才对上,出人意料的,也属借对,而且往往被认为是不俗的佳对,与灯谜的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>求凰格<span lang="EN-US">”</span>有异曲同工之妙。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">一联之中对仗的上下两句,一般内容不同或相反。如果两句完全同义或基本同义,叫作<span lang="EN-US">“</span>合掌<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,是作诗的大忌。但有时上下句有相承关系,讲的是同一件事,下句承接上句而来,两句实际是一句,这称为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>流水对<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。如《闻官军收河南河北》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">剑外忽传收蓟北,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">初闻涕泪满衣裳。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">却看妻子愁何在,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">漫卷诗书喜欲狂。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">白日放歌须纵酒,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">青春作伴好还乡。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">即从巴峡穿巫峡,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">便下襄阳向洛阳。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">尾联下句描述的是紧接上句的行程,就是一流水对。又如《秋兴》其二:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">夔府孤城落日斜,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">每依北斗望京华。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">听猿实下三声泪,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">奉使虚随八月查。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">画省香炉违伏枕,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">山楼粉堞隐悲笳。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">请看石上藤萝月,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">已映洲前芦荻花。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">尾联也是一流水对。流水对一般也被认为是不俗的佳对,如果尾联要用对仗,经常就用流水对收住全诗。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">有时候一句之中也有对仗。如《登高》:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">风急天高猿啸哀,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">渚清沙白鸟飞回。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">无边落木萧萧下,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">不尽长江滚滚来。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">万里悲秋常作客,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">百年多病独登台。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><br/><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">潦倒新停浊酒杯。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">这一首诗四联全都用了对仗,而句之中又有对仗,第一句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>风急<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>天高<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第二句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>渚清<span lang="EN-US">”</span>(<span lang="EN-US">“</span>清<span lang="EN-US">”</span>谐音<span lang="EN-US">“</span>青<span lang="EN-US">”</span>)对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>沙白<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第七句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>艰难<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>苦恨<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,第八句<span lang="EN-US">“</span>潦倒<span lang="EN-US">”</span>对<span lang="EN-US">“</span>新停<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,都是先在本句自对,再跟对句相对。有趣的是,第一句因为押韵,跟第二句在平仄上就无法完全相对,而在字义上却对得天衣无缝。这首诗被誉为古今七律第一,即使仅从形式上看,也当得起此美称。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p> </p></span></p><p></p>
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发表于 2007-4-4 12:35:36
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几天前还跟<a href="http://www.huaijinet.com/dispuser.asp?id=4691" target="_blank"><font color="#000000">brightmoon</font></a>,NICK,两位说,请教师伯,诗与词的区别呢!
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发表于 2007-4-7 14:42:35
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<p>懒得自己打,网上找来一篇:</p><p>古人根据不同的内容表达需要,创造了诗、词、曲这三类诗歌体式,并在各自体式中拥有不同的样式种类,可谓源同流分,各臻其妙。 诗歌是任何一个民族最早产生的文学样式,我国也是如此。从《诗经》算起,诗歌发展历史已有几千年,诗歌的形式也难以言计。大而言之,诗可分为不大讲格律的古体诗和讲究格律的近体诗。古体诗中又有诗经体、楚辞体、乐府体(古乐府、新乐府)、民歌体、七言古诗、五言古诗等。这种区分,除了时间上的不同外,在表达形式方面也各有不同。它们总的特色是古朴、凝重,反映现实比较直接,表达形式自由。近体诗包括五、七言律诗和五、七言绝句,它们总的特色是精练、优美、含蓄,反映现实间接,格律严整,诗句间跳跃性大,绝句更强调蕴藉空灵的韵味。 唐宋后,词这一新的诗歌样式开始出现,并迅速发展,与诗并驾齐驱。词由于要和乐歌唱,而且一般是由女子在宴会上歌唱,因而比诗更讲究含蓄蕴藉、形式精巧、音调和谐。词又分为小令、中调、长调。小令精巧轻盈,空灵蕴藉,韵味悠长;中调与七言近体诗规模相近,分为上下两阙,但讲究变化,晓畅中见蕴藉,分隔中见整体;长调因其歌唱时一般节拍舒缓、篇幅较长,故又称慢词。由于长调篇幅长,容量大(最长的《莺啼序》,256字),因此词人可以充分施展自己的才华,叙事、抒情、写景、议理从容展开,结构上讲究转折变化,浑成统一。 元代兴起的曲(元曲分为剧曲、散曲,前者指杂剧中的唱词,这里指后者),虽有配乐歌唱,承词而发展,但又别有风味。 诗词曲的不同体式,就如人们不同的服饰,以适应不同季节和审美的需要。认识到这一点,再来阅读,不能不让后人佩服古人创造不同诗体的聪明才智。对于三者的不同,古人早已认识到,作过不少论述。但有的太抽象,如王国维认为“诗之境阔,词之言长”;有的过于直观,如王士祯以晏殊词句“无可奈何花落去,似曾相识燕归来”与汤显祖《牡丹亭》唱词“良辰美景奈何天,赏心乐事谁家院”为例说明词、曲的不同;有的过于简单,如李渔认为词“上不似诗,下不类曲,不淄不磷,立于二者之中”。其实,三者之间不同的特色体现在题材、意境、风格、手法、形式等诸方面。</p><p>--------------------</p><p>同意楼主说法,无规矩不成方圆,古体诗另一个独特的之处就是它的音律,朗朗上口,古时候的诗好比现在的歌,没了音律诗就象现在的没音律的歌,那它就不叫歌了.</p>
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