消逝的“手艺” 和假装的乡愁

风刀霜剑

　　三本书，盐野米松的《留住手艺》、赤木明登的《造物有灵且美》和祝小兔的《万物皆有欢喜处》。这三本书说的都是“手艺人”，虽然面临着“老手艺”的行将消逝，也引动了他们内心的惆怅，就像盐野米松写到的：“如今，童年记忆中的各条街道里匠工们作业时的工具所发出的声音没有了，他们的作坊没有了，隔窗观望他们的孩子也没有了。那是因为这些职业已经不在我们身边，只一个世代就消失得无影无踪。我是怀着一颗憧憬和向往的心，观望过匠工做活的众多孩子中的一个，也是为这些职业不复存在而深感遗憾的一代人的代表。”三本书都选择了诚实的“记录”，而不是廉价的抒情，悲情，甚至滥情。
　　我一直在想一个问题，既然“手艺”联系着是我们的日常生活，那么“手艺”的生与灭其实是自古以来就有的，只是现代化以后，手艺从个别性死亡，变成毁灭性的灭绝。如果留心观察，现在给老“手艺”的消逝唱挽歌的人往往都有一个生活在手艺人中间的青春前史。因此，当消逝的“手艺”成为我们时代的乡愁，那个痛点更多不在手艺人身上，而是舞文弄墨的文人自己身上，是生活在城市的文人们怀旧病发作了。当我们把怀乡病和现代性焦虑安放在“手艺”和“手艺人”中间，手艺的器物之美之温度之文化，放在今天的工业产品面前，引动的哀伤是很能自怨自艾。于是，消逝的手艺翻作成假装的乡愁，手艺人的故事也被偷换成自己的“致青春”。但真实的手艺人可能要简单得多，以我做例子，我的外公就是一个修伞磨剪刀的手艺人，我父亲是方圆几十里有名的石匠，石匠在我们这一代唯一的工作就是把磨浅磨钝的磨盘凿深。在我上个世纪八十年代离开故乡外出读书工作的时候，他们的手艺基本已经没有用武之地。在他们的手艺“无用”之前，消失得更早的应该是补锅焗碗之类的手艺。我承认是“现代”让他们失业，但我也看到其实这些手艺人也很淡然地接受了他们的手艺逐渐的“无用”。手艺无用后，这些乡村的手艺人大多安心地做了一个农人。本来乡村的手艺人，就是亦农亦手艺的。
　　就像宗白华指出的：“中国人对他的用具(石器铜器)，不只是用来控制自然，以图生存，他更希望能在每件用品里面，表达对自然的敬爱，把大自然里启示着的和谐，秩序，它内部的音乐，诗，表显在具体而微的器皿中。一个鼎要能表象天地人。”我不否认，“手艺”因其是传统文明的寄居之所，是文化的，又是审美的，且和日常生活相关，其消逝所带来的怅惘和隐痛则更和我们的心灵痛痒相关。回到我们生活的当下，我也不否认，全球化时代是一个恃强凌弱、消灭差别的时代。那些曾经是我们安身立命的思想、景观、器物以及仪式和日常生活方式，有的已经消逝，有的行将消逝。也正是在这样的背景下，不同文化、不同艺术的冲突、交融以至生灭成为每天都在发生的事件。但是，就像祝小兔的《万物皆有欢喜处》看到的，一些和我们新生活休戚相关的新手艺和新手艺人，在我们身边，在城市出现。所以，我认同盐野米松说的：“社会的变迁，势必要使一些东西消失，又使一些东西出现，这是历史发展的必然惯性，但是，作为我们，更应该保持的恰恰就是从前那个时代里人们曾经珍重的那种待人的‘真诚’”;亦如赤木明登所言：“每一段故事诞生的地方，都有一种‘美’存在。”我不希望这种“真诚”和“美”被假装的“乡愁”污染和淹没。
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